东北污灌区草甸棕壤吸附重金属铅的形态分布及解吸行为

以沈阳市沈抚污灌区的草甸棕壤为模型土,采用Tessier顺序提取法分析了吸附重金属Pb(Ⅱ)在土壤中的化学形态分布特点,研究了吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸行为,特别考察了冷冻对吸附Pb(Ⅱ)化学形态分布及解吸行为的影响.研究表明,吸附Pb(Ⅱ)在东北草甸棕壤上的化学形态分布规律为:可交换态碳酸盐结合态铁锰氧化物结合态有机结合态残渣态;吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的解吸动力学过程可分为快速和慢速两个阶段,符合准二级动力学方程;冷冻对吸附Pb(Ⅱ)的形态分布基本无影响,而对平衡解吸率有明显影响,随冷冻时间延长,平衡解吸率逐渐降低;随pH值减小,平衡解吸率增大;pH值在5—10范围内,平衡解吸率变化幅度相对很小,而pH值低于5后,平衡解吸率急剧增大.随离子强度增大,平衡解吸率先急剧上升,后趋于平缓.提出Pb(Ⅱ)在东北草甸棕壤上的吸附机理:化学吸附和静电吸附,后者又可分为静电键合吸附和离子交换吸附.在实验条件下,静电吸附约占75%,化学吸附约占25%.     

废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的分离及其铅耐性研究

采用常规、含Cd^2＋和含Pb^2＋马丁氏培养基,对云南省会泽县废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥（Arabis alpina Linn）根际真菌进行分离和鉴定,将分离的菌株接种在含不同浓度（0、0．1、1和10mmol L^-1）Pb^2＋的马铃薯葡萄糖培养液中,比较废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的铅耐性,结果表明：从废弃铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际共分离获得11个属的54株真菌。大于1mmolL^-1的Pb^2＋显著抑制铅锌矿区和非矿区小花南芥根际真菌的生长;含Cd^2＋和含Pb^2＋的马丁氏培养基分离的铅锌矿区小花南芥根际真菌Pb^2＋的生长半数抑制浓度（EC50）平均值和最大值均明显大于非矿区,铅锌矿区小花南芥根际真菌对Pb^2＋的耐性强于非矿区。     

天然沸石对番茄及土壤中铅的影响

为探索沸石对轻度铅污染土壤的修复效果及农业安全生产可行性,利用盆栽试验研究了不同沸石添加量及不同沸石粒级等因素对不同生长时期番茄（Solanum lycopersicum）植株铅质量分数、累积量和土壤铅质量分数的影响。结果表明,添加天然沸石可提高土壤有效铅质量分数,不同程度地增加番茄地上部生物量,具有提高番茄茎叶铅质量分数及积累量、果实产量的趋势,也具有降低收获期根部铅质量分数及积累量的趋势。18g·kg-1是提高地上部生物量,抑制土壤铅污染、茎叶和根部铅积累的最佳沸石添加量,但有促进果实铅积累的趋势;沸石添加量为10g·kg-1则在提高土壤有效铅质量分数的同时可抑制果实铅的积累。中粒级沸石可抑制果实铅积累,大粒级为削减根部铅积累量促进茎叶铅积累的最佳沸石粒级,小粒级沸石则可抑制收获期茎叶铅的积累。     

华北平原地区某铅冶炼厂附近土壤重金属有效性研究(Heavy Metal Availability in Soil near a Lead Smelter in the North China Plain)

为研究华北平原地区某铅冶炼厂对附近农田土壤和居民点内土壤重金属有效性的影响,在距离冶炼厂烟囱1000m和2500m处设置A1和A2两个采样断面(两断面间有一居民点),采取0～20cm土样,测定DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd含量.结果表明,A1断面DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd平均含量均低于A2断面.A1断面土壤DTPA-Pb和Cd变化范围分别为7.18～37.8和0.250～0.950mg·kg-1,平均值分别为25.2和0.580mg·kg-1;A2断面DTPA-Pb和Cd变化范围分别为14.7～133和0.280～2.35mg·kg-1,平均值分别为59.9和1.16mg·kg-1.所有样品的DTPA-Ni、Cu和Zn含量均小于5.5mg·kg-1.随着采样点距离冶炼厂烟囱距离的增加,土壤中DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd含量呈非线性下降,可用幂方程(Ni、Cu和Pb)或对数方程(Zn和Cd)拟合.用Pb和Cd的拟合方程计算得到的研究区内居民点中心位置土壤DTPA-Pb和Cd含量分别为30.0和0.731mg·kg-1,高于地带性土壤背景值.DTPA-Ni、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd的含量之间均存在极显著线性正相关关系(p<0.01).以上结果表明,冶炼厂造成研究区内土壤Pb和Cd有效性远高于正常水平,并导致Ni、Cu和Zn有效性有一定程度的升高,附近居民点内居民受到土壤高铅和高镉有效性的威胁;土壤铅和镉升高的范围达到距离冶炼厂烟囱2.8km以外区域.     

土壤外源Cd和Pb复合污染对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)根系植物络合素和谷胱甘肽合成的影响

采用盆栽实验研究了土壤外源cd和Pb复合污染对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)根系植物络合素(PCs)和谷胱甘肽(GSH)合成的影响.结果表明,土壤外源较高浓度cd处理(≥3 mg·kg-1)和高浓度Pb处理(630 mg·kg-1)均抑制了小麦的生长,Cd和Pb复合处理加重了Cd的毒性;Pb处理小麦根内未检出PCs,仅检出GSH,但GSH并没有随Pb处理浓度的增加而增加.随cd处理浓度(≥1 mg·kg-1)的增加,小麦根内PCs和GSH含量显著增加;cd和Pb复合处理增加了小麦根内PCs的合成水平,而降低了GSH的合成水平.回归分析显示,cd及cd和Pb复合污染小麦根内PCs的含量与小麦地上部生物量的抑制率保持相当好的线性关系.结果显示,PCs可用于评价土壤环境中Cd及Cd和Pb复合污染的毒性.     

硅对镉、锌、铅复合污染土壤中黑麦草生理生化性质的影响

采用正交试验设计L9(34)对黑麦草(Lolium perenne L.)进行温室盆栽试验,观测Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染条件下,硅(Si)对黑麦草生物量、叶绿素含量以及保护酶系统的影响.结果表明,Cd使黑麦草根系发育受阻导致生物量下降,中等水平的Zn和Pb有利于黑麦草生物量的积累;Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染造成黑麦草叶绿体结构的破坏,使叶绿素含量减少;低水平的Cd、Zn、Pb复合污染对黑麦草CAT和POD活性起到激发作用,但随着添加水平提高,两种酶活性受到抑制.Si可以促进黑麦草根系生物量的增加,有利于根系对水分和养分的吸收,保证地上部分的养分供给,使叶片生物量增加;硅化细胞的形成有利于黑麦草叶片对光能的吸收利用,Si也使叶绿素含量增加;Si对CAT和POD有显著激活作用,从而减轻重金属复合污染对黑麦草产生的伤害.     

Lead distribution in Permo-Carboniferous coal from the North China Plate,China

The content and distribution of the lead in coal, gangue and the sulfur ball and the pyritic gangue of the Permo-Carboniferous in the North China Plate have been systematically studied (nearly 300 samples) in this paper. The Permo-Carboniferous coals in the North China Plate account for nearly 44.45 of total Chinese coal resources, and most of the steam coals in China come from the Permo-Carboniferous coals in the North China Plate. The result shows that lead content in the coal varied from 1.45 to 63.60 mg kg^–1, averaging 23.95 mg kg^–1; the lead content of the sulfur ball and the pyritic gangue in the coal seam ranges from 70.26–1060 mg kg^–1, with an average of 271.28 mg kg^–1; the lead content of the gangue is from 29.5 to 77.81 mg kg^–1, averaging at 40.77 mg kg^–1. The lead in the coal seam is mainly concentrated in the pyrite, such as sulfur ball, pyritic gangue or pyrite, and is the least concentrated in the organic of coal. The content of the lead has a direct ratio with the ash and the pyretic sulfur. Coal washing can reduce the content of the pyretic sulfur and the lead.     

Soil ingestion by sheep grazing the metal enriched floodplain soils of mid-Wales

Floodplain soils within and downstream from the mineralised and mined areas of mid-Wales, are contaminated by metals, especially Pb, because of historical and contemporary fluvial pollution. Rates of soil ingestion by sheep grazing these sites have been quantified to establish the relative importance of the soil-plant-animal and soil-animal pathway of metals. The highest rates of soil ingestion occurred during the winter/spring period. During March, soil ingestion exceeded 30% of the D.M. intake at 2 of the 11 sites investigated. The total daily intake of metals by sheep reflects the degree of soil metal enrichment, and is elevated during the winter/spring period, coincident with the higher rates of soil ingestion and the generally higher pasture herbage metal concentrations. Because the soil-plant transfer of Pb is low, ingested soil is often the major pathway of this metal to sheep. This is especially evident in March and May when on average 80.0 and 82.9%, respectively of the Pb intake was via soil ingestion. At one site in May, 97% of the Pb intake was attributable to ingested soil. Even when soil-plant transfers are not so low, as found for Cu and Zn, ingested soil can occasionally supply greater than 60% of these metals to the animal. However, despite the potential importance of soil ingestion, little is known about the availability to and absorption of soil-borne metals by animals.     

Urban Metal Management The Example of Lead

The metal metabolism of an urban region, the City ofVienna, was investigated to discuss urban metal management strategies in view of environmental protection and resource conservation. About 90% of the metal stock is located in Vienna's buildings and infrastructure, whilst only 10% is in the landfills. The city stock represents a potential source for diffusive emissions. However, the control of the current environmental policy concentrates mainly on landfill emissions. Diffusive emissions resulting from the losses over the use of metal containing goods in the city are widely dispersed and cannot be easily controlled due to numerous non-point sources. First investigations indicate that for certain applications, the diffusive stock emissions are as significant as other sources. At present, Vienna's known diffusive and point source lead emissions into air and water are about 40 to 50 times higher than comparable past loadings from geogenic Vienna. Furthermore, a life cycle approach from acid car batteries indicates that sustainable lead management should consider flows and stocks in the hinterland of the city too. The city metal stock also represents a potential resource. Leaded water pipes built-in in Vienna's city stock have the potential to produce 1.6 million traditional car batteries. In future such city mining strategies can partly replace ore mining.     

Soil Respiration in Relation to Small-Scale Patterns of Lead and Mercury in Mor Layers of Southern Swedish Forest Sites

Pollution-related lead (Pb) andmercury (Hg) in mor layers of Southern Swedenmight have effects on soil biology, although inthe literature effect concentrations have beenidentified at much higher levels. Considerablesmall-scale spatial variability in heavy metalcontents and microbial respiration in mor layersof forest sites was used to calculatecorrelations that could reveal toxic effects.Negative correlations were always strongest atsites with high loads of Pb or Hg, which was considered to indicate metal toxicity. The highload sites were found in Southwestern Sweden,locally at a motorway and at a chlorine-alkalifactory. Other factors of possible influence,such as other pollutants, age of organic materialor climatic differences, would affect high andlow load sites alike. Negative correlations withrespiration were found for Pb at sites with 74 g g^-1 of mean Pb content in O_f-layer and for Hg at 0.25 g g^-1.